Social Service Series 


THE PRACTICE OF 
CITIZENSHIP 

Griffith 


The Welfare of Each 
Is the Concern of All 
















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The 

Practice of Citizenship 


&/ 

Elmer C. Griffith, Ph. D. 

Professor of History and Political Science 
William Jewell College 



American Baptist Publication Society 

Philadelphia 

Boston Chicago St. Louis Toronto, Can. 


V 



Copyright 1914 by 
A. J. ROWLAND, Secretary 

Published May, 1914 



MAf 2D 1314 



/to/ 





THE PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 


There are three great institutions that have marked 
and aided man’s onward and upward progress: 
the family, the Church, and the State. Each is im¬ 
plied in the nature of man as a social being. Each 
serves a necessary function in the economy of life. 
Each supplements the whole of all the others. In 
logic and time the family antedates the Church and 
the State. In a real sense the family is the seed-plot 
of all the other institutions of man’s life. Gov¬ 
ernment first appeared in the primitive family; and 
the ideas and institutions of religion are all based 
upon family life and relations. 

In early times the institutions of religion and of 
government were one and the same. In these later 
times the Church and the State have become sepa¬ 
rate institutions, each with its own organization, 
functions, and officers. Along with this growth of 
the State as an institution has gone a development 
of its functions and an increase of its duties. Gov¬ 
ernment existed originally that it might protect its 
members from violence and injustice. Now it seeks 
to guarantee the fullest degree of liberty to the indi- 

3 


4 


Social Service Series 


vidual in his personal, intellectual, religious, politi¬ 
cal, economic, and social life. More than that, the 
State is becoming one of the chief agencies through 
which all of the people can cooperate in their search 
after justice and the progress of society. That is, 
the negative and defensive functions of government 
are becoming less and less prominent, and its posi¬ 
tive and promotive functions are becoming more 
and more potent. The State will wax rather than 
wane in the days to come. 

Social progress implies the march of all together; 
and it demands the cooperation of all in behalf of 
the common welfare. It is necessary that every citi¬ 
zen should understand his calling and should ful¬ 
fil his obligations. 


The Meaning of Citizenship. 

Government, law, and order are prerequisites to 
a well-ordered community and State. As usually 
considered, citizenship signifies the enjoyment and 
benefits of the privileges afforded by government. 
It means, however, much more. Citizenship im¬ 
plies an active responsibility also for the govern¬ 
ment and its acts. Sonship in the family means that 
the privileges of the home are the son’s, and also 
that the obligation to protect that home, to be loyal 
to its best traditions, obedient to its authority, work¬ 
ing to further its interests, and actively ambitious 
for its advancement, constitutes a part of his rela- 


The Practice of Citizenship 5 

tionship to the home. Thus a citizen of this repub¬ 
lic assumes important duties. It does not alter his 
responsibility whether those duties are performed 
or neglected by his associates and acquaintances: 
his obligation to the government is a personal mat¬ 
ter. Some American citizens, as saloonkeepers, 
may be violating the Sunday observance law. That 
applicant for citizenship through naturalization who 
declares before the court his intention of keeping 
his saloon open on Sunday as his right for the rea¬ 
son that others do, may be denied consequently the 
boon of citizenship. The higher courts of Illinois 
recently upheld such a decree of a lower court. 

Obligations which accompany citizenship are 
somewhat similar to the marriage vows: they are 
personal. The failure to love, cherish, and protect 
his wife makes one a violator of his vows. The 
failure to be an active, good citizen brands one as 
an ungrateful son of his country. The obligations 
of citizenship devolve upon all citizens; there is no 
distinction by classes. All claim the rights and 
privileges of citizenship; the nation has claims on 
all. Nevertheless some plead business cares; others 
object to the management of affairs as attempted 
by some faction and so refrain from assuming a 
part of the active responsibilities; while others are 
too theoretical; and still others have so-called re¬ 
ligious scruples. It is the vicious, the worst, ele¬ 
ments in American life that aspire to an activity in 
politics every day of the week. Popular govern- 


6 


Social Service Series 


ment cannot depend upon such persons; it demands 
every man’s activity in its support. 

The question might be raised, why is one pro¬ 
hibited from destroying the railroad or from inter¬ 
fering with its rights and property. The railroad 
is an essential factor in the present-day civilization 
and touches the life of every individual. One must 
be not only passively no lawbreaker with reference 
to the railroad; he must as well be actively re¬ 
straining others from an overt act intended to injure 
the property and personal rights of the corporation, 
should he be aware of their purpose. He must con¬ 
tribute his positive support to all good institutions 
which seek to enhance the security of human life 
by increasing its efficiency and by adding to its 
happiness. 

In theory this is all admitted; in history it has 
been substantiated; but in practice to-day the insti¬ 
tution of citizenship frequently has lost its broad¬ 
est and best aspect. The selfish side of man has 
too often been accentuated. Men may, nominally, 
be good citizens when their immediate financial 
interests are to be furthered. Too often they are so 
absorbed in money-making that they have no time 
for the duties of instituted government. Too often 
the pleasure of the hour, the creature comforts of 
the immediate present, make avowed traitors and 
rebels out of otherwise good citizens. 

In the days now past, or passing, the practice of 
good citizenship required a loyalty to the country 


The Practice of Citizenship 7 

and government chiefly in times of war. That man 
was patriotic and loyal who carried a musket in 
the din of battle. He volunteered to become a 
target for others, gladly laying down his life, if 
occasion required, on the altar of his country. He 
would give up life itself for the human rights and 
grand principles of freedom which had been ap¬ 
proved by himself and by his fellow men. He 
volunteered to sacrifice his life that others might 
live. And thus monuments have been erected and 
statues reared on high to the men who were brave 
in going to war; to the men of unselfish service to 
nation and to fellow men. And what a splendid 
altruistic service and practice of citizenship that 
was. All honor to the men who fought the battles 
of humanity on the gory fields of war. All honor 
to the men, women, and children who are fighting 
life’s battles heroically for others anywhere. 

Obligations of Citizenship. 

The call of citizenship to-day is the call to serv¬ 
ice; a call as persistent, as urgent, and as universal 
as was ever the bugle call; a call to every citizen to 
a heroic, patriotic, and actively aggressive service 
for fellow men. 

Uprightness of Life. 

That one may practise citizenship properly there 
are two or more prerequisites. In the olden days 


8 


Social Service Series 


the man was required to have good physical qual¬ 
ities for marching and good arms and hands for 
fighting. To-day he needs a wholesome and sane 
character, a well-developed manhood, an assertive 
uprightness of life’s best ideals. One of the United 
States Circuit Courts has declared that a man 
“ must have behaved—conducted himself—as a 
man of good character ordinarily would, should, or 
does.” The attacks which come are not so apt to 
be from serried foes in armor, or in battle array, 
as from the cohorts of sordid debauchery and self¬ 
ish allurements. To be an efficient citizen demands 
that one should be unselfishly serving society. To 
yield to the demands of personal advancement to¬ 
day is as cowardly and unworthy as it was in the 
days when the nation called upon one to battle for 
country. To resist successfully the ever-present 
commercial interest of to-day, and consequently 
sacrifice the future material joys, requires a well- 
rounded character. It is natural for the hills, the 
sunshine, the rain, and the soil to serve man 
through their well-established formulas of exist¬ 
ence. Likewise man, another manifestation of na¬ 
ture, must be consistent in his life, in his life plans 
and aims, with his very being. If he is consistent, 
he will develop his life in service. A subject who 
has but a small share in the monarchical govern¬ 
ment of his country need not possess a composite 
character with qualities well developed; but not so 
with the citizen. 


The Practice of Citizenship 9 

Understanding of Political Questions. 

The citizen needs also an understanding of the 
explicit functions of all government, together with 
a knowledge of the development and growth of his 
particular nation. The history of what our an¬ 
cestors accomplished and aspired to accomplish is 
a wonderful stimulus to complete citizenship. The 
.study of their lives devoted to the public good, of 
their personal integrity and virtue inspires to pres¬ 
ent lofty endeavor and to consequent achievements. 
The consideration of their national problems aids 
in the conquest of the present. Every citizen 
should know the principles of his government; he 
should understand what the philosophy of his gov¬ 
ernment is, what it attempts, and the means by 
which those results are sought. The purpose of 
his government will determine whether the public- 
school system, for instance, should include voca¬ 
tional studies, as typewriting, stenography, etc., 
in its curriculum, and whether there should be much 
Latin, or the valuable social sciences. If the results 
desired are not being secured, the citizens must be 
able to locate the cause of the failure. It may be 
due to the mistakes of the office-holder, or it may 
be due to the limitations of law and the constitu¬ 
tion. There is no one else to rectify the failures 
other than the citizen. 

Then he must be ready, if need be, to support and 
advocate new methods and modifications of the old 


10 


Social Service Series 


when needed. No government has been perfect 
and, as conditions are constantly changing and since 
government is one of the several devices to aid 
society, it too must adjust itself to the needs of the 
changing popular demand. 


Hunger for Social Justice. 

Then, again, a requisite for active citizenship is j 
an adequate comprehension and understanding of '■ 
the principles of social and industrial justice. The 
proposed problems of to-day are not those involving 
political war; they relate to the rights of men, to a 
multiplicity of rights of property, which have 
come with this highly developed civilization of the 
present. As the economic regime is organized at 
present it is not necessarily final or perfect. There 
have been other industrial epochs. The present 
must be modified if it is to keep pace with the inter¬ 
ests of men or it too will be replaced by another. 
The greatest political problems are those which in¬ 
volve the rights of capital and labor. The question 
of taxation has been a political question since the 
revolt of our forefathers from the mother country. 
The railroads with their involved potentiality, the 
express companies, certain aspects of banks, the 
mighty trusts and powerful combinations, inter¬ 
state commerce, currency and the banking system, 
justice to the common man, industrial as well as 
political independence, vocational diseases, money, 


The Practice of Citizenship / / 

corporations, a vast variety of considerations of 
both individual and social aspect claim immediate 
attention and solution. 

These are questions which can no longer be set¬ 
tled on the basis of States’ rights doctrine or pro¬ 
tective tariff. Men must face the new issues and 
be unbiased in the consideration of the rights of 
capital and the rights of labor, since both are im¬ 
peratively essential to the welfare of the human 
race. The time may soon come when a declaration 
of the industrial rights of man, both capitalist and 
laborer, will be enunciated by a new Thomas Jef¬ 
ferson and accompanied by a new settlement of the 
paramount issues of to-day. 

These two elements, high-minded character and 
an intelligent demand for individual and social jus¬ 
tice, are the stock in trade of the citizen. They are 
as necessary for him as a library and legal knowl¬ 
edge are necessary for a lawyer who intends to 
practise law; or as knowledge, skill, and remedies 
are necessary for a physician who proposes to prac¬ 
tise medicine. Citizenship, an active interest in the 
government, is a worthy profession, at which a man 
must work if he desires prosperity and security of 
life and possessions. 


Defending the Government. 

The practice of citizenship includes on the part 
of the citizen a number of duties. To begin with, 


12 


Social Service Series 


it is his duty to defend the government in the last 
resort by his blood and his life if need demands. 
He is liable to military service within certain defi¬ 
nite age limits. In some foreign countries a sub¬ 
ject would be required to give to the service a 
period of two or three years, even in times of uni¬ 
versal peace. In America, citizens are not required 
to serve in the army in times of peace, but may in 
times of war be summoned and even drafted for 
offensive and defensive war. But whether in the 
army or not, citizens everywhere are called upon 
to protect their country indirectly. They must 
furnish the sinews of war, the treasure for the 
maintenance of the volunteer army, for the up¬ 
building of the navy, for the establishment of good 
government to enforce just laws for the protec¬ 
tion of men and property. 


Casting a Vote. 

Another duty of citizens is the exercise of the 
rights of the franchise whenever possible. The 
suffrage and citizenship are not and never can be 
coincident in the republic. In many States the 
right to vote is conferred by those States on the 
foreign born who have officially declared their in¬ 
tention of becoming American citizens, or have 
taken out what is known as their first papers, after 
a year’s residence here. Other States require com¬ 
plete citizenship: native born or naturalized, and 


The Practice of Citizenship 13 

of legal age. In States where women are not al¬ 
lowed the ballot the great majority are nevertheless 
citizens of this country and are entitled to its 
protection and benefits both at home and abroad. 
In the case of children, they too are citizens if born 
here, or when naturalized by their fathers’ act. But 
they are not voters, even the native born, until the 
State has declared that the legal age has been 
reached. 

Whenever a complete or prospective citizen has 
the right of suffrage it is his duty to exercise the 
right. The fundamental principles of the govern¬ 
ment of this nation require it. Ours is theoretically 
a popular government; it was not instituted solely 
for any single class; it is designed to do the greatest 
good to the greatest number. Unless all qualified 
voters express their will at the polls the funda¬ 
mental purpose of the government may be defeated. 
For all who have the right of suffrage have been 
chosen presumably for their fitness. To prevent 
class legislation and representation by special inter¬ 
ests it is necessary to have the vote of all voters. 
The suffrage is given to them with the expectation 
that they will use it. Scheming and designing men 
understand the advantage they thus possess in a 
vote, an advantage which is increased when the bet¬ 
ter citizens neglect this duty to the State. A selfish 
indifference on the part of professional and busi¬ 
ness men frequently allows the baser elements to 
rule to the injury of the people generally. 


14 


Social Service Series 


The voter needs to vote intelligently and to vote 
always whenever the opportunity offers; whether it 
is on the initiative, referendum, or recall, or whether 
it is for the candidates for office. He needs to know 
the mechanism of voting in order to vote correctly if 
voting-machines are used, to understand that he 
cannot vote for the candidate for president and 
refuse to vote for the nominee for vice-president. 
He must be interested in the judges of the election; 
in everything that pertains to the election directly. 


Attending the Primaries. 

A third duty to be assumed by the voting citizen 
requires him to attend the caucuses or conventions 
or to participate in primaries, or whatever other 
preliminaries may be in vogue. Whatever the 
method is that places in nomination the candidates, 
the citizen must participate in the movement, al¬ 
ways endeavoring to improve it. It is proper that 
we have political parties; they help to secure free 
and full discussion. They have the advantage of 
organization, and after the candidate is nominated 
and has received the party’s endorsement it will be 
difficult to secure the election of another. The first 
contest which largely determines the last one is in 
the nomination of fit candidates. The primaries or 
nominating convention should decide on the men; 
when good men are thus named the election then 
turns on the choice between parties and principles. 


The Practice of Citizenship 15 

In giving heed to the foregoing duty a citizen must 
also see that good men are put in office, men who 
will exalt the office and not use the position with its 
power against the best interests of the people. 
.Men who are willing to be the servants of the citi¬ 
zens should be chosen. There should be no un¬ 
worthy men in public office any more than in the 
ministry, for both are honorable callings to serve 
fellow men. 

God give us men. The time demands 

Strong minds, great hearts, true faiths, and willing 
hands; 

Men whom the lust of office does not kill; 

Men whom the spoils of office cannot buy; 

Men who possess opinions and a will; 

Men who have honor; men who will not lie. 

Fighting Graft. 

It is his duty to see that graft is impossible; to 
see that accounts are properly audited; to help 
create so high a regard for social rights of the com¬ 
munity that no man of good repute would any more 
consider taking a bribe than he would sell for 
paltry dollars the rights and common virtues of the 
members of his family. Rome became great when 
her citizens were taught that the benefits of life 
were made possible by their government and that 
patriotism required in turn a personal sacrifice for 
the good of the Eternal City. It was the devotion 
of the Romans to Rome’s welfare, coupled with 


16 


Social Service Series 


their recognition that it was each citizen’s duty to 
help build up a great, healthful, convenient, and 
beautiful city that made Rome the most wonderful 
city of all ages. In place of graft and exploitation, 
in place of fraud &nd deceit in public life, there 
must be the honest Phidias, the exaltation of the 
public office-holder. The dangers to our liberties 
do not come from without, they are possible only 
from within. No national official can accept the 
gift of a foreign potentate unless Congress con¬ 
sents. The makers of the Constitution feared the 
influence of such a gift might make one disloyal. 

: Special interests at home may cause favoritism to 
be shown unless the citizens are on their guard. 
The enemies of the nation most to be feared are 
citizens: first, the evil-intentioned citizen; secondly, 

; the citizen who sleeps at his post of citizenship 
' duty or is too partisan to support the best candi¬ 
dates when belonging to another party than his 
own. 

Not only are good men to be placed in office and 
kept from the blighting influence of graft, but they 
are not to be left unsupported by the people after 
their election. The citizen must see that the officer 
does his duty. There need be no proof of graft. 
If the official is incompetent or indifferent or other¬ 
wise engaged, the citizen must bring pressure to 
bear upon the derelict. It may be well to have the 
commission form of government for the city, where 
responsibility can be readily placed; it might be 


17 


The Practice of Citizenship 

desirable to have the recall instituted as a safeguard 
against indifference and unworthy conduct by one 
who was exemplary before the election. 


Supporting Good Officials. 

The practice of citizenship will require that one 
support good men who have been elected to office. 
The forces of evil will assault the honest public 
man; he will need all the moral strength and en¬ 
couragement his kind of men can give. The man 
who refuses to comply with the demands of greed 
will be embarrassed and annoyed at every turn. He 
may be unable to accomplish anything, his way will 
be thoroughly blocked. The good official must 
have the active support of his best constituents. He 
is like the pastor of a church, to be supported by 
all who sympathize with him. Evil men will give 
support to an evil official, and it will not be un¬ 
certain support. Good citizens must raise their 
voices, their hands, and their sums of money, if 
needed, to give the virtuous official timely encour¬ 
agement, recognition, and oftentimes firmness. 
Vigilance is the price of liberty. 

An imperative duty of the citizen is that he obey 
laws, for they are the laws of his country. The 
laws have been enacted by the legal legislative 
representatives of the people. Disobedience to 
those laws is disloyalty to the form of government 
under which he has chosen to live; and hence 


18 


Social Service Series 


breeds anarchy and disrespect for legislative en¬ 
actments in general and for the Constitution. We 
call no man king; but the expressed will of the peo¬ 
ple demands loyalty and ready response. Laws are 
sovereign until repealed or set aside by the courts. 
There should be no dead-letter laws. A law should 
not outlive the conditions which caused its appear¬ 
ance. It should be repealed if it is not needed or 
desired. But as long as the law is on the statute 
books it should be respected and obeyed. 


Enforcing the Laws. 

Citizenship also requires one to help enforce the 
laws. Not only should the citizen obey the laws, 
but he must be compelled to keep them, if he will 
not otherwise. We allow lawlessness to thrive 
when office-holders are lax and fail to do their 
duty. The officer will usually do the behests of his 
constituents. They must insist upon law enforce¬ 
ment, upon the conviction of the guilty; they must 
ask that lawbreakers be brought to justice speedily 
without unnecessary delays, to be punished with 
certainty. We have been lax in this respect, allow¬ 
ing vastly more murders to go unavenged by law 
and more crimes to be committed generally than 
does England. If the laws were speedily applied 
there would be less crime. 

The laws, when used, become a medicine against 
social disease and disorder. If promptly enforced 


19 


The Practice of Citizenship 

there would be little incentive to resort to mob law, 
that destructive rival of true law. There should be 
no justified appeal to any unwritten law year after 
year, when men have the freedom of securing the 
enactment of new laws easily. The citizen’s security 
is in the law and its stern application. 


Accepting Jury Service . 

A duty of highest citizenship is to accept jury 
service when selected. The magnitude of business 
interests, narrow partisan concern, or indifference, 
cannot be offered as an excuse by the patriot. Men 
claim to have formed an opinion, to have views 
prejudicial to a fair consideration of the facts of 
the trial, in order to be excused and to escape 
jury service. The institution of the jury has been 
a bulwark of personal liberty. The jury is a 
democratic body of men selected to represent the 
community and on behalf of the people to act 
fearlessly on the facts submitted. This may natu¬ 
rally require that one try an indicted murderer; 
that he be separated from his business and family 
for weeks; that he submit to strict rule and dis¬ 
cipline. This is extremely distasteful to many who 
are the most competent to serve on the jury. So¬ 
cial interests are here paramount to private, and 
for the best ends of good government the citizen 
must respond to its demands with willingness to 
serve in the measure of his ability. 


20 


Social Service Series 


Holding Public Office. 

And then occasionally it becomes the duty of the 
citizen to hold office; not for personal reasons, for 
with graft eliminated the inducement to hold office 
must be the opportunity to serve the community. 
The man who is useful to the best interests of the 
people should be willing to give his time and effort 
for a season to the management of the people's 
business. The man who can make a success of his 
own affairs can be useful to society. There should 
be some compensation for his services; they should 
not be without remuneration as lias been the case in 
some instances in England. Only the rich and well- 
to-do could take the position if no salary were at¬ 
tached. It should not be some trifling sum which 
would induce only mediocre men to respond; the 
pay should be fairly liberal, for the laborer is worthy 
of his hire, and the best man is by far the cheapest 
man for the place. 

In conclusion, the practice of citizenship requires 
uprightness of character; also, that the citizen ade¬ 
quately inform himself on his obligations to the 
community, to society, to the individual. He must 
know what social and industrial justice require. 

The citizen should vote, if qualified, on every and 
all issues and offices. 

He should participate in the selection of candi¬ 
dates. 


The Practice of Citizenship 


21 


He should favor the best methods of securing that 
nomination, probably the direct primaries. 

He should oppose graft and corruption in high 
places; favoring the commission form of city gov¬ 
ernment. 

He should elect honorable men of sterling worth 
to office. 

He should continue his interest in his officials 
after they are chosen, as a banker does in his clerks. 

He should be ever willing to extend the suffrage, 
or to restrict it when occasion demands and it can 
be legally done. 

He should be fearless, unselfish, conversant with 
public affairs; he should assume his obligations 
cheerfully and fully, and try to improve his govern¬ 
ment as he would his own private business. 

He should provide for community addresses on 
true patriotism and citizenship. 

He should work for the interests of all classes of 
society. 

He must obey the laws, and have dead laws re¬ 
pealed, for non-enforcement of laws breeds disre¬ 
spect for law generally. 

He should care for the distressed and dependent 
members of society. 

He should hold office if needed. 

He should not be too busy to serve on juries oc¬ 
casionally. 

He should consistently oppose the saloon and 
other social evils. 


22 Social Service Series 

He should list his taxable property honestly for 
taxation. 

He should promote the cause of education, advo¬ 
cate civic betterment, support the city movements 
through its organizations, such as a commercial 
club, and if wealthy he should return some of his 
wealth in the form of gifts for community use. 

















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